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Volume 7 | Issue 2 April 2K19

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	e-ISSN : 2321 - 0613
	IJSRD	International Journal for Scientific Research & Development
Impact Factor : 2.38
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	VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 8 | OCTOBER 2015
	IJSRD is a leading e-journal, under which we are encouraging and exploring newer ideas of current trends in Engineering and Science by publishing papers containing pure knowledge. IJSRD is Trusted by more than 25000satisfied authors worldwide & growing rapidly.						Last Date for Paper Submission
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	It is our immense pleasure to invite you to submit manuscript/paper of your research/review/study in any engineering research area for publication upcoming issue of our popular journal IJSRD .						October 2015
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	IJSRD is an Open-Access peer reviewed International Journal Exhaustive list of executive board members who were invited from all the Colleges , Universities and research organization Research scholar can download any article from the website for free of cost Research scholar can submit the manuscript online Research scholar can check the status of paper online. Simple steps for publication of research articles and review articles Authors can refer the statistics for each article downloaded. IJSRD is Open access journal for high indexing and promotion of your published papers IJSRD promotes "Go Green" by providing e-publication of research paper Share free Knowledge and promote "Research"						100$
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Emergent Artificial Intelligence

What happens when a computer can learn on the job?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is, in simple terms, the science of doing by computer the things that people can do. Over recent years, AI has advanced significantly: most of us now use smartphones that can recognize human speech, or have travelled through an airport immigration queue using image-recognition technology. Self-driving cars and automated flying drones are now in the testing stage before anticipated widespread use, while for certain learning and memory tasks, machines now outperform humans. Watson, an artificially intelligent computer system, beat the best human candidates at the quiz game Jeopardy.

Artificial intelligence, in contrast to normal hardware and software, enables a machine to perceive and respond to its changing environment. Emergent AI takes this a step further, with progress arising from machines that learn automatically by assimilating large volumes of information. An example is NELL, the Never-Ending Language Learning project from Carnegie Mellon University, a computer system that not only reads facts by crawling through hundreds of millions of web pages, but attempts to improve its reading and understanding competence in the process in order to perform better in the future.

Like next-generation robotics, improved AI will lead to significant productivity advances as machines take over – and even perform better – at certain tasks than humans. There is substantial evidence that self-driving cars will reduce collisions, and resulting deaths and injuries, from road transport, as machines avoid human errors, lapses in concentration and defects in sight, among other problems. Intelligent machines, having faster access to a much larger store of information, and able to respond without human emotional biases, might also perform better than medical professionals in diagnosing diseases. The Watson system is now being deployed in oncology to assist in diagnosis and personalized, evidence-based treatment options for cancer patients.

Long the stuff of dystopian sci-fi nightmares, AI clearly comes with risks – the most obvious being that super-intelligent machines might one day overcome and enslave humans. This risk, while still decades away, is taken increasingly seriously by experts, many of whom signed an open letter coordinated by the Future of Life Institute in January 2015 to direct the future of AI away from potential pitfalls. More prosaically, economic changes prompted by intelligent computers replacing human workers may exacerbate social inequalities and threaten existing jobs. For example, automated drones may replace most human delivery drivers, and self-driven short-hire vehicles could make taxis increasingly redundant.

On the other hand, emergent AI may make attributes that are still exclusively human – creativity, emotions, interpersonal relationships – more clearly valued. As machines grow in human intelligence, this technology will increasingly challenge our view of what it means to be human, as well as the risks and benefits posed by the rapidly closing gap between man and machine.

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Fuel cell vehicles

Zero-emission cars that run on hydrogen

“Fuel cell” vehicles have been long promised, as they potentially offer several major advantages over electric and hydrocarbon-powered vehicles. However, the technology has only now begun to reach the stage where automotive companies are planning to launch them for consumers. Initial prices are likely to be in the range of $70,000, but should come down significantly as volumes increase within the next couple of years.

Unlike batteries, which must be charged from an external source, fuel cells generate electricity directly, using fuels such as hydrogen or natural gas. In practice, fuel cells and batteries are combined, with the fuel cell generating electricity and the batteries storing this energy until demanded by the motors that drive the vehicle. Fuel cell vehicles are therefore hybrids, and will likely also deploy regenerative braking – a key capability for maximizing efficiency and range.

Unlike battery-powered electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles behave as any conventionally fuelled vehicle. With a long cruising range – up to 650 km per tank (the fuel is usually compressed hydrogen gas) – a hydrogen fuel refill only takes about three minutes. Hydrogen is clean-burning, producing only water vapour as waste, so fuel cell vehicles burning hydrogen will be zero-emission, an important factor given the need to reduce air pollution.

There are a number of ways to produce hydrogen without generating carbon emissions. Most obviously, renewable sources of electricity from wind and solar sources can be used to electrolyse water – though the overall energy efficiency of this process is likely to be quite low. Hydrogen can also be split from water in high-temperature nuclear reactors or generated from fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas, with the resulting CO2 captured and sequestered rather than released into the atmosphere.

As well as the production of cheap hydrogen on a large scale, a significant challenge is the lack of a hydrogen distribution infrastructure that would be needed to parallel and eventually replace petrol and diesel filling stations. Long distance transport of hydrogen, even in a compressed state, is not considered economically feasible today. However, innovative hydrogen storage techniques, such as organic liquid carriers that do not require high-pressure storage, will soon lower the cost of long-distance transport and ease the risks associated with gas storage and inadvertent release.

Mass-market fuel cell vehicles are an attractive prospect, because they will offer the range and fuelling convenience of today’s diesel and petrol-powered vehicles while providing the benefits of sustainability in personal transportation. Achieving these benefits will, however, require the reliable and economical production of hydrogen from entirely low-carbon sources, and its distribution to a growing fleet of vehicles (expected to number in the many millions within a decade).

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IJSRD Image processing Special Issue

Best 25 papers will be published online.Participate in this special issue and get a chance to win the Best Paper Award for Image Processing. Also other authors will have special prizes to be won.

• Submit Special Issue Manuscript Online

• Last Date For Paper Submission of Special Issue : 25th August 2015

What is Image Processing?

Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph and output may be image or characteristics associated with that image. Usually Image Processingsystem includes treating images as two dimensional signals while applying already set signal processing methods to them. 
It is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various aspects of a business. Image Processing forms core research area within engineering and computer science disciplines too.Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing also are possible.
Analog or visual techniques of image processing can be used for the hard copies like printouts and photographs. Image analysts use various fundamentals of interpretation while using these visual techniques. The image processing is not just confined to area that has to be studied but on knowledge of analyst. Association is another important tool in image processing through visual techniques. So analysts apply a combination of personal knowledge and collateral data to image processing.
Digital Processing techniques help in manipulation of the digital images by using computers. As raw data from imaging sensors from satellite platform contains deficiencies. To get over such flaws and to get originality of information, it has to undergo various phases of processing. The three general phases that all types of data have to undergo while using digital technique are Pre- processing, enhancement and display, information extraction.
If you have worked on any part of image processing prepare a research paper and submit to us

Image processing basically includes the following three steps.

• Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography.The acquisition of images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging.
• Analyzing and manipulating the image which includes data compression and image enhancement and spotting patterns that are not to human eyes like satellite photographs.
• Output is the last stage in which result can be altered image or report that is based on image analysis.

Purpose of Image processing

The purpose of image processing is divided into various groups. They are:

• Visualization - Observe the objects that are not visible.
• Image sharpening and restoration - To create a better image.
• Image retrieval - Seek for the image of interest.
• Measurement of pattern – Measures various objects in an image.
• Image Recognition – Distinguish the objects in an image.

Applications of Image processing

Image processing has been an important stream of Research for various fields. Some of the application areas of Image processing are….

Intelligent Transportation Systems – E.g. Automatic Number Plate Recognition, Traffic Sign Recognition

Remote Sensing –E.g.Imaging of earth surfaces using multi Spectral Scanners/Cameras, Techniques to interpret captured images etc.

Object Tracking – E.g. Automated Guided Vehicles, Motion based Tracking, Object Recognition
 Defense surveillance – E.g. Analysis of Spatial Images, Object Distribution Pattern Analysis of Various wings of defense. Earth Imaging using UAV etc.

 Biomedical Imaging & Analysis – E.g. Various Imaging using X- ray, Ultrasound, computer aided tomography (CT) etc. Disease Prediction using acquired images, Digital mammograms.etc.

Automatic Visual Inspection System – E.g.Automatic inspection of incandescent lamp filaments, Automatic surface inspection systems,    Faulty component identification etc.

And many other applications…..

To contribute your research work in Image processing please prepare an article on it and submit to us.

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IIT #Techfest International Student #Conference #IJSRD

Techfest International Student Conference is an initiative to bring together the student community and professors with a common research background. TISC marks a step further in our endeavor to promote science and technology among the students by facilitating the exchange of knowledge between academia and industry.

Techfest International Student Conference presents a unique opportunity for students to present their work in front of fellow students, senior professors from top universities, industrialists and policy-makers. It aims at giving recognition to students for their research at a relatively young age. An enriching experience to research oriented minds, TISC will give young scientists an insight into the topic, learn new ideas and build networks beneficial for the future.

The theme for the conference is Renewable Energy Systems, potentially the most important aspect of human life in forthcoming decades. TISC is being hosted by IIT Bombay, one of the premier institutes of science and technology in India known for its path-breaking research and quality education.

#IJSRD & TechFest 2014-15 (IIT-Bombay) presents TISC(Conference)

IIT Bombay presents Asia’s Largest Science and Technology Festival. TISC(Conference) event is supported by IJSRD. For more details, please visit the following link
http://www.techfest.org/conference

A Glimpse into the 3-D brain | #IJSRD

People who wish to know how memory works are forced to take a glimpse into the brain. They can now do so without bloodshed: Ruhr Univ. Bochum (RUB) researchers have developed a new method for creating 3-D models of memory-relevant brain structures. They published their results in the trade journal Frontiers in Neuroanatomy.

3-D image of the hippocampus of a rat. Image

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Seahorse gave the hippocampus the name

The way neurons are interconnected in the brain is very complicated. This holds especially true for the cells of the hippocampus. It is one of the oldest brain regions and its form resembles a seahorse (hippocampus in Latin). The hippocampus enables us to navigate space securely and to form personal memories. So far, the anatomic knowledge of the networks inside the hippocampus and its connection to the rest of the brain has left scientists guessing which information arrived where and when.

Signals spread through the brain

Accordingly, Dr. Martin Pyka and his colleagues from the Mercator Research Group at RUB have developed a method which facilitates the reconstruction of the brain's anatomic data as a 3-D model on the computer. This approach is quite unique, because it enables automatic calculation of the neural interconnection on the basis of their position inside the space and their projection directions. Biologically feasible network structures can thus be generated more easily than it used to be the case with the method available to date. Deploying 3-D models, the researchers use this technique to monitor the way neural signals spread throughout the network time-wise. They have, for example, found evidence that the hippocampus’ form and size could explain why neurons in those networks fire in certain frequencies.

Information become memories

In future, this method may help us understand how animals, for example, combine various information to form memories within the hippocampus, in order to memorise food sources or dangers and to remember them in certain situations.

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#IJSRD Digital Watermarking Methods in Spatial Domain and Transform Domain

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Digital Watermarking Methods in  Spatial Domain and Transform Domain

Abstract--- The ease of digital media modification and dissemination necessitates content protection beyond encryption. Information hidden as digital watermarks in multimedia i.e. text, image, video, audio enables protection mechanism in decrypted contents. In a way that protects from attacks several common image processing techniques are used in Spatial Domain and Transform Domain. In Spatial Domain Least Significant Bit(LSB) is used and in Transform domain Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) & Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) are used. Among these DWT is best method due because of using embedded zero tree wavelet image compression scheme and high frequency sub bands.  

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#IJSRD advanced persistent threat (APT)

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a cybercrime category directed at business and political targets. APTs require a high degree of stealithiness over a prolonged duration of operation in order to be successful. The attack objectives therefore typically extend beyond immediate financial gain, and compromised systems continue to be of service even after key systems have been breached and initial goals reached.

to know more about APT go to this link https://www.damballa.com/advanced-persistent-threats-a-brief-description/

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